Biology

While Covid 19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, it is important to understand the transmission and the effect of the virus which has made it a pandemic. Covid 19 belongs to the coronavirus family, which also includes the SARS virus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Symptoms) virus. The family of Coronavirus includes virus strains that cause the common cold and flu.   It has been found that Covid 19 is a close relative of SARS. SARS is a novel type of virus that was reported in 2007, and like most SARS viruses, Covid 19 affects the respiratory tract in humans. The infection starts off with mild flu-like symptoms or no symptoms, and further progress to severe symptoms. Covid 19 primarily infects the lungs in the affected individuals and in severe cases causes’ death due to ARDS and pneumonia. It is important to remember that it does not lead to ARDS and pneumonia in all the cases, which is an occurrence in most severe cases. In th...

MECHANISM OF INHIBITION. OR PEPSIN BY PEPSTATIN Pepstatin, a specific inhibitor of acid proteases, binds tightly to pepsin. Although the binding is not of the covalent nature, the inhibition roughly follows the stoicheometrical mode. Pepstatin can be used to titrate pepsin. Formation of an equimolar pepsin-pepstatin complex can be shown by gel filtration. Diacetylpepstatin, which has weaker activity than pepstatin com- petitively inhibits pepsin with a dissociation constant of 7.3XlO"6M. Data of pepstatin binding of chemically modified pepsins suggested that pepstatin binds with the active site surrounded by two aspartic acid moieties. Pepstatin, isovaleryl-L-valyl-L-valyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoyl-L- alanyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, was discovered in streptomyces culture nitrates and has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of acid proteases1*2'^. It shows a strong protective effect against pylorus-ligated rat stomach ulcer, and an effect...

                                 CANCER CELLS.          Cancer cells  are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.  Cell division  is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue or to replace cells that have died because of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. They are also able to spread from one part of the body to another in a process known as  metastasis . There are different categories of cancer cell, defined according to the cell type from which they originate. [2] Carcinoma , the majority of cancer cells are  epithelial  in origin, beginning in the membra...

Recent research has helped to solidify the link between the proper function of the vertebral arteries and vertigo. The researchers specifically focused on a rare condition called loop formation. It is a disorder where small loops form in the vertebral arteries, thereby restricting blood flow. When a cross-section of vertigo patients was studied, this condition seemed to be more common. What else can cause kinks in the vertebral arteries leading to reduced blood flow? Does understanding of the conditions that bring vertigo provide information into a natural way to find relief? Read on to learn more. What Can Reduce Vertebral Blood Flow and Lead to Vertigo? The upper cervical vertebrae play a major role in facilitating blood flow to the brain. Misalignment of the C1 and C2 vertebrae can result in reduced blood flow. Vertigo is not the only possible condition that may result from this scenario. Migraines are also common when these circumstances exist. This explains why it is s...

                                What Is Ovulation? Ovulation is the release of an egg from one of a woman's ovaries. After the egg is released, it travels down the fallopian tube, where fertilization by a sperm cell may occur.  Ovulation is the release of an egg from one of a woman's ovaries. After the egg is released, it travels down the fallopian tube, where fertilization by a sperm cell may occur.  Ovulation typically lasts one day and occurs in the middle of a woman's menstrual cycle, about two weeks before she expects to get her period. But the timing of the process varies for each woman, and it may even vary from month to month.  If a woman is hoping to become pregnant, she will want to keep track of when she may be ovulating. Knowing when a woman is ovulating each month is helpful because she is the most fertile — or able to become pregnant —around the time of ovulation....

                                     Nipple The  nipple  is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the  breast  from which, in females,  milk  leaves the breast through the  lactiferous ducts  to feed an infant. The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by  smooth   muscle contractions  that occur along the ductal system. The nipple is surrounded by the  areola , which is often a darker color than the surrounding skin. A nipple is often called a  teat  when referring to non-humans. Nipple or teat can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a  baby bottle . In humans, nipples of both males and females can be stimulated as part of sexual arousal. In many cultures, human female nipples are  sexualized , or "regarded as sex objects and evaluated in ...