Biology

MECHANISM OF INHIBITION. OR PEPSIN BY PEPSTATIN Pepstatin, a specific inhibitor of acid proteases, binds tightly to pepsin. Although the binding is not of the covalent nature, the inhibition roughly follows the stoicheometrical mode. Pepstatin can be used to titrate pepsin. Formation of an equimolar pepsin-pepstatin complex can be shown by gel filtration. Diacetylpepstatin, which has weaker activity than pepstatin com- petitively inhibits pepsin with a dissociation constant of 7.3XlO"6M. Data of pepstatin binding of chemically modified pepsins suggested that pepstatin binds with the active site surrounded by two aspartic acid moieties. Pepstatin, isovaleryl-L-valyl-L-valyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoyl-L- alanyl-4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, was discovered in streptomyces culture nitrates and has been shown to be a specific inhibitor of acid proteases1*2'^. It shows a strong protective effect against pylorus-ligated rat stomach ulcer, and an effect...

                                 CANCER CELLS.          Cancer cells  are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells.  Cell division  is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue or to replace cells that have died because of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. They are also able to spread from one part of the body to another in a process known as  metastasis . There are different categories of cancer cell, defined according to the cell type from which they originate. [2] Carcinoma , the majority of cancer cells are  epithelial  in origin, beginning in the membra...

Recent research has helped to solidify the link between the proper function of the vertebral arteries and vertigo. The researchers specifically focused on a rare condition called loop formation. It is a disorder where small loops form in the vertebral arteries, thereby restricting blood flow. When a cross-section of vertigo patients was studied, this condition seemed to be more common. What else can cause kinks in the vertebral arteries leading to reduced blood flow? Does understanding of the conditions that bring vertigo provide information into a natural way to find relief? Read on to learn more. What Can Reduce Vertebral Blood Flow and Lead to Vertigo? The upper cervical vertebrae play a major role in facilitating blood flow to the brain. Misalignment of the C1 and C2 vertebrae can result in reduced blood flow. Vertigo is not the only possible condition that may result from this scenario. Migraines are also common when these circumstances exist. This explains why it is s...

                                What Is Ovulation? Ovulation is the release of an egg from one of a woman's ovaries. After the egg is released, it travels down the fallopian tube, where fertilization by a sperm cell may occur.  Ovulation is the release of an egg from one of a woman's ovaries. After the egg is released, it travels down the fallopian tube, where fertilization by a sperm cell may occur.  Ovulation typically lasts one day and occurs in the middle of a woman's menstrual cycle, about two weeks before she expects to get her period. But the timing of the process varies for each woman, and it may even vary from month to month.  If a woman is hoping to become pregnant, she will want to keep track of when she may be ovulating. Knowing when a woman is ovulating each month is helpful because she is the most fertile — or able to become pregnant —around the time of ovulation....

                                        HORMONES    Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes. Some of these include: Development and growth Metabolism of food items Sexual function and reproductive growth and health Cognitive function and mood Maintenance of body temperature and thirst Where are they secreted from? Hormones are secreted from the endocrine glands in the body. The glands are ductless, so hormones are secreted directly into the blood stream rather than by way of ducts. Some of the major endocrine glands in the body include: Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thymus Thyroid Adrenal glands Pancreas Testes Ovaries These organs secrete hormone in microscop...

               STRESS HORMONE AND   MANAGEMENT What Is Cortisol? Cortisol is a naturally-occurring steroid hormone that plays a key role in the body's stress response.1 While it is often called "the stress hormone" for its best-known role, it also contributes to many of the body's processes. It's secreted by the adrenal glands and involved in the regulation of the following functions and more: Signs of High Cortisol When cortisol levels stay too high, you might experience a range of unwanted symptoms. Higher and more prolonged levels of cortisol in the bloodstream (such as those associated with chronic stress) have been shown to have negative effects, such as: Blood sugar imbalances such as hyperglycemia Decreased bone density 3  Decreases in muscle tissue Higher blood pressure Impaired cognitive performance Increased abdominal fat Lowered immunity and inflammatory responses in the body, slowed wound healing, and oth...

            Why do we get hiccups (उचक्या /हिचकी) ?      Hiccups are caused by involuntary contractions of your diaphragm — the muscle that separates your chest from your abdomen and plays an important role in breathing. This involuntary contraction causes your vocal cords to close very briefly, which produces the characteristic sound of a hiccup. Hiccups can be annoying but they’re usually short-lived. However, some people may experience recurrent episodes of persistent hiccups. Persistent hiccups, also known as chronic hiccups, are defined as episodes that last longer than 48 hoursTrusted Source. At its most basic, a hiccup is a reflex. It happens when a sudden contraction of your diaphragm causes the muscles of your chest and abdomen to shake. Then, the glottis, or the part of your throat where your vocal cords are located, closes. This creates the noise of air expelled from your lungs, or the “hic” sound that feels involuntary...

     Cholesterol in blood.               Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart disease. With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. Cholesterol is a fat-like, waxy substance that helps your body make cell membranes, many hormones, and vitamin D. The cholesterol in your blood comes from two sources: the foods you eat and your liver. Your liver makes all the cholesterol your body needs. Cholesterol and other fats are carried in your bloodstream as spherical particles called lipoproteins. The two most commonly known lipoproteins are low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). What is LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol? What is HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol? LDL (“bad") cholesterol can contribute to the formation of plaque bui...

                                  KERATIN PROTEIN                  Keratin  is the type of  protein  that makes up your hair, skin, and nails.  Keratin  can also be found in your internal organs and glands.  Keratin  is a protective  protein , less prone to scratching or tearing than other types of cells your body produces.                Having a protein deficiency is not likely to trigger hereditary hair loss (though it can trigger other types of shedding), and if what you're experiencing is hereditary hair loss, it's equally unlikely that increasing your protein intake will have any effect on your regrowth.                The  proteins are the ‘building blocks of the body’ - and for good reason. Our muscles, arteries, fin...

                                   BIOLOGY 🧬              Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.Despite the complexity of the science, certain unifying concepts consolidate it into a single, coherent field. Biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species. Living organisms are open systems that survive by transforming energy and decreasing their local entropy to maintain a stable and vital condition defined as homeostasis.              Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the research methods employed and the kind of system studi...

                               HUMAN BLOOD            Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.           Human body has about 5.6 liters (6 quarts) of  blood . This 5.6 liters of  blood circulates  through the body three times every minute. In one  day , the  blood  travels a total of 19,000 km (12,000 miles)—that's four times the distance across the US from coast to coast. Comment down what you want to read next.